There are a variety of ways to do this but one of the easier methods is the following:
Export iPhone Contacts to Outlook via iCloud
To use this method, you need to make sure that you have synced your contacts with iCloud. your contacts must be synced with iCloud. It’s the best way to export contacts in bulk. If you want to export multiple contacts, you can click a single name, place your mouse cursor over the final contact you want to export, meanwhile, press and hold the Shift key, and then click the last contact. Here are detailed steps to export iPhone contacts.
Step 1. Open a browser on your computer > Go to iCloud.com > Log in with your Apple ID > Click "Contacts."
Step 2. Select a contact you want to export > Click the gear icon in the bottom-left corner > Select "Export vCard" in the pop-up menu.
Step 3. Select a location you'd like to save your vCard and give it a name.
Step 4. After making your selection, click "OK" to import your contacts.
An Outlook contact window will appear. Press Save and Close and it will be added to Outlook.
The other ways to do this are in this article:
https://www.easeus.com/iphone-data-transfer/transfer-contacts-from-iphone-to-outlook.html